ULD REPAIR

 

2. Fire Containment Covers

Fire resistant pallet covers (Fire Containment Covers, FCC) are made of much stronger reinforced glass fiber based or composite material, capable of containing a fire for the flight duration and not extendable but reusable. Such Fire Containment Covers do not include in sheets but are enclosed covers to be shipped or closed over the whole pallet.

3. Pallet Extensions:

Pallet Extensions are supportive devices attached to the pallets track providing a loadable pallet contour extension to fit the maximum allowable lower deck contour.  

4. Pallet Couplers:

Pallet couplers are certified or non-certified supportive devices used to connect two airworthiness certified air cargo pallets, in order to constitute a double size pallet where required by the size or nature of cargo.

5. Supportive material:

Any facility performing preparation of ULD for loading onboard aircraft should have storage of an appropriate amount of shoring material. Havier materials are required for freighter main deck cargo.

Supporting materials can include e.g.:

• Planks or plywood (minimum 25 mm/ 1 in thick, 30 mm/1 1/4 in thick preferable)

• Lumber (minimum 50 X 100 mm/2 X 4 in, 75 X 150 mm/ 3 X 6 in preferable)

• Wooden pallets (SKIDS) 

• Wooden beams (100 X 200 mm/ 4 X 8 in up to 200 X 300 mm/ 8 X 12 in)

Crushable support materials e.g. typically 50 mm/2 in to 100mm/4 in thick fiberboard panels or hard rubber mats (typical 60 durometer)

    Control of Straps Utilization and Tie-Down Calculations on a Pallet
Tie-Down lashing Angles

The angle at which the lashings are used to tie-down the load can greatly affect how strong and useful the tie-down is.

The forces applied by the tie-downs are greatest when the ties are vertical (up and down).

When the tie-down lashings are at an angle the force applied down on the load is less. As the angle becomes more surface moving towards a sideways placement the lashing force is reduced.

 

Lashing Angle = 90         Effectiveness 100%          Lashing Tension 500kg

 

 

Lashing Angle = 60         Effectiveness 86%          Lashing Tension 500kg 

Lashing Angle = 30         Effectiveness 50%          Lashing Tension 500kg

 

Lashing Angle = 15         Effectiveness 25%          Lashing Tension 500kg 

   Allowable Pallet Tie-Down Locations

Pallet Size	Small side				Long Side
	Dim cm (In)	Max. Fittings number	Min. Space	Min. Corner distance	Dim mm (in)	Max. Fittings Number	Min. Space	Min Corner distance	Max. Total Fittings number
A	223.5 cm (88 in)	4	50 cm (20 in)	40 cm (16 in)	317.5 cm	5	50 cm (20 in)	40 cm (16 in)	18
B	223.5 cm (88 in)	4	50 cm (20 in)	40 cm (16 in)	247.3 cm (108 in)	5	50 cm (20 in)	40 cm (16 in)	18
M	243.8 cm (96 in)	4	50 cm (20 in)	40 cm (16 in)	317.5 cm (125 in)	5	50 cm (20 in)	40 cm (16 in)	18
G	243.8 cm (96 in)	4	50 cm (20 in)	40 cm (16 in)	605.8 cm (238.5 in)	11	50 cm (20 in)	N/A	30
R	243.8 cm (96 in)	4	50 cm (20 in)	40 cm (16 in)	497.8 cm (196 in)	9	50 cm (20 in)	N/A	26

ULD Damaged & Repair

 

      ULD Damaged and Repair:

           If a ULD is found unserviceable, it shall be dealt with as follows:

• It shall be not accepted for carriage nor transferred and its load shall be moved to another ULD in serviceable condition.
• It shall be tagged "Unserviceable" and may only be loaded as cargo for return to repair station empty.

         The carrier in possession of the unserviceable unit shall notify the ULD owner carrier to                  agree upon disposition or repair of the unit.

 C and G location:

The pallet load's overall Center of Gravity shall be within the maximum plan view (horizontal) limits specified as maximum gross weight by the pallet's certification (ISO 8097/NAS 3610 or ISO 21100/AS 36100A) configuration or the aircraft weight and balance.

The pallet certification configuration is printed or permanently marked on the pallet edge rail.

The methods to be used to control the load's overall C and G location should be marked by the shipper using the ISO symbol or if not, physically measured balancing the piece with a forklift or equivalent lifting means.  

 In the event of significantly different densities of cargo being loaded on the same pallet, care should be taken when stacking to ensure symmetrical loading.

In the event of stacked non similar cargo, the heaviest/highest density packages shall be systematically loaded first and the lightest/lowest density ones last to reduce reducing cargo crushing.

  Stack pallets:

Accordingly stacked pallets shall be carried as cargo onto a base pallet under the following requirements:

• The base pallet always be serviceable.
• Only same size or smaller size pallet shall be stacked for carriage on base pallet of a given size.
• Wooden pallets (SKIDS) shall be placed on to the base pallet to leave free all around, on a height at least 10 cm (4 in).

• The net of each pallet shall be loose and kept within its surface, without any part of it hanging out or bearing on the edge rail.

Aircraft Pallet Nets Operations:

Air cargo pallets with their cargo control nets make ready for aircraft ULDs, defined by industry standards and airworthiness approved (certified) based on Technical standard Order (TSO) C90 in accordance with the requirements of ISO 8097 (NAS 3610) or ISO 21100 (AS 36100A). This guarantees their design to be genuinely safe for flight.

TYPICAL NET (LAID FLAT

   Pallet Accessories Operation:

This operating Specification states the basic requirements for proper selection and operational handling of some of the most used aircraft pallet accessories, including but not limited to.

• Pallet covers used for weather protection:
• Fire Containment covers
• Pallet extension
• Pallet couplers
• Supportive Material

1. Pallet cover

Pallet covers are either:

• Non reusable plastic film or
• Reusable textile or composite material sheet devices

Installed over a pallet load under the net principally for commercial quality reasons, i.e. to protect cargo against rain and snow. However, they also contribute to flight safety in the following specific circumstances:

• Proper use of pallet covers prevents crushing of wet packaging, hence contributes to avoid cargo stacks shifting out of contour or collapsing and potentially interfering with the aircraft structure.
• Pallet cover sheets are also used as a preventive measure against the risk of leakage in the aircraft cargo compartment when carrying liquids or WET cargo (e.g. live animals, etc.)

 

ULD OPRATING SECTION-5

 

SECTION 5 –ULD OPERATING SPECIFICATION

This section contains Technical Standard Specification that define the design and in addition to airworthiness approval ultimate load testing's, test requirements and international standards.

1. Pallet Nets:

Provision is made in SS 40/3 text and attachments 'C' for aircrafts pallet nets to be fitted with a ULD Operational Damage Limits Notice (ODLN). The damage found on the net must be checked against the respective damage limits indicated on the ODLN and a decision made on this basis regarding the serviceability of the net.

This ODLN is defined by the net manufacturer in accordance with Authority approved Component Maintenance Manual and specific requirements, if any determine by the carrier.

A net shall be count as unserviceable if it exhibits one or several of the following defects:

• Missing or illegible manufacturer's data (TSO and expiry date) markings;
• Expiry date exceeded;
• Too short or altogether missing rope, strap or corner lashing line.
• Missing or ineffective pallet attachment fitting.

STRAP MARKING

Net Marking placard (2 opposite sides)

EXAMPLE OF STRAP NET
  STRAP NET WITH SQUARE MESH

                                            Double Stud                                                                              

Single Stud

 

SECTION 4 – ULD IDENTIFICATION

PKC, PKD

LD3 base pallet for lower deck.

Volume: 3.6 cubic meters (at 62 inches height) 
Standard Tare Weight: 30 kg 
Max. Gross Weight: 1,587 kg

Loadable Aircraft Type

A300, A310, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, B747, B777, B787, DC10, IL86, IL96, L1011, MD11 lower deck

PLA, PLD, PLE, PLF

LD6 base pallet (with thick edge rail) contoured for lower deck.

Internal Volume: 5.5 cubic meters 
External Volume: 6.8 cubic meters 
Standard Tare Weight: 100 kg (including net) 
Max. Gross Weight: 3,175 kg

Loadable Aircraft Type

A330, A340, A350, A380, B747, B777, B787, DC10, IL86, IL96, L1011, MD11 lower deck

PMA, PMB, PMC (PQP, P6P), PMD, PME

10 ft. pallet contoured for lower deck

Volume: 10.9 cubic meters 
Standard Tare Weight: 110 kg (including net) 
Max Gross Weight: 6,804 kg 
(restricted to permitted weight per bay/position on aircraft)

Loadable Aircraft Type

All Aircraft

PNA

PNA 767 half pallet with net

Prefix PQP, FQF and PPC

Volume: 5.5 cubic meter

Standard Tare Weight: 83 kg

Max Gross Weight: 2449 kg

Loadable Aircraft Type

A330, A340, A350, A380, B747, B767, B777, B787, IL96, MD11 lower decks

PRA, PRF, PZA

16 ft. main deck pallet.

Volume: 29.6 cubic meters 
Standard Tare Weight: 460 kg. 
Max Gross Weight: 11,340 kg.

 

Loadable Aircraft Type

A330F, B747F, B777F, L1011F, MD11F main deck, L100, IL76.

AKE, DKE, MKE, QKE, RKE (LD3)

Volume: 4.3 cubic meters 
Standard Tare Weight: 80 kg. 
Max Gross Weight: 1,587 kg.

 

Loadable Aircraft Type

A330, A340, A350, A380, B747, B757, B777, B787, DC10, IL86, IL96, L1011, MD11 lower deck

AKN, DKN, MKN, QKN, RKN

Volume: 3.85 cubic meters   

Standard Tare weight: 142 kg

Max Gross Weight: 1588 kg

Loadable Aircraft Type

A330, A340, A350, A380, B747, B767, B777, B787, DC10, IL86, IL96, L1011, MD11 lower deck

AKH, DKH, MKH, QKH, RKH

Volume: 3.7 cubic meters   

Standard Tare weight: 82 kg

Max Gross Weight: 1587 kg

Net allowable weight: 1505 kg

Loadable Aircraft Type

A319, A320, A321 Lower deck

ALF, DLF, MLF, RLF (LD6)

Volume: 8.7 cubic meters 
Standard Tare Weight: 160 kg. 
Max Gross Weight: 3,174 kg.

Loadable Aircraft Type

A300, A310, A330, A340, A380, B747, B767, B777, B787, DC10, IL86, IL96, L1011, MD11 lower deck

AMD (M-1H)

Full length main deck container

Volume: 19.9 cubic meters 
Standard Tare Weight: 305 kg 
Max. Gross Weight: 6,804 kg

 Loadable Aircraft Type

B747F, B777F, L100, IL76

AMF, DMF, MMF, RMF

LD-36 Full length lower deck container.

Volume: 14.5 cubic meters                   
Standard Tare Weight: 275 kg. 
Max Gross Weight: 5,000 kg.

Loadable Aircraft Type

 

All wide-body aircraft lower decks, except B767, IL86/96, and L1011.

AQF, DQF, MQF, RQF (LD8)

Volume: 7.2 cubic meter

Standard Tare Weight: 124 kg

Max Gross Weight: 2450 kg

 

Loadable Aircraft Type

B767 Lower deck

AAP (LD9)

Volume: 10.6 cubic meter

Standard Tare Weight: 237 kg

Max Gross Weight: 6033 kg

Loadable Aircraft Type

A300, A310, A330, A340, A350, A380, B747, B767, B777, B787, DC10, IL86, IL96, L1011, MD11 lower deck

 

HMA

PM base with IATA specified horse box stalls.

Available with canvas top or solid roof.

Volume: 15.3 cubic meters
Standard Tare Weight: 1,310 kg. 
Max Gross Weight: 3,500 kg. 
Max Capacity: 3 horses.              

Loadable Aircraft Type

A300F, A330-200F, B767, B777, IL-96, MD-11F